Medieval Unicode Font Initiative

A proposal for subranges within the Private Use Area of Unicode:
Supplements to the Latin alphabet for Medieval texts

 

Subrange 2. Precomposed diacritical characters: E100 - E1FF

As explained in the introduction to this proposal, Unicode contains a large number of precomposed characters in the Latin alphabet, but is very reluctant to accept any new additions. This subrange contains a number of precomposed characters, divided into 10 groups (A-J).

A. Characters with a single acute
B. Characters with a double acute
C. Characters with a single dot above
D. Characters with a single dot below
E. Characters with a double dot above
F. Characters with a macron and an acute
G. Characters with a macron and a breve
H. Characters with a hook
I. Characters with a loop
J. Miscellaneous

None of the precomposed characters in these groups are recognized in Unicode 3.2, but all characters can be encoded as a combination of a base character and one or more combining characters, as outlined in each section below (the "decomposed" encoding).

 

A. Characters with a single acute

The acute is widely used, primarily over vowels but also over some consonants. In Medieval Nordic manuscripts, the acute is often used simply as a distinctive mark, especially over "i", which frequently is dotless and easily mistaken for part of an "m", "n" or "u" (minims). In some manuscripts the acute is used to denote length, and this is the usage in standard orthography.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining acute accent (0301).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes acute over the vowels small and capital "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "y", "æ", and "ø", and also over the consonants small and capital "c", "g", "k", "l", "m", "n", "p", "r", "s", "w", and "z". There is no precomposed "o ogonek" with acute. This character is quite frequent in Old Norse, in manuscripts as well as in regularised orthography, and should be included as a precomposed character. Also lacking are the vowel ligatures in Old Norse, of which "aa", "ao", "au", "av", and "oo" might be singled out, and finally "e" with ogonek and "ø" with ogonek. Adding acute accents for these characters will require 18 code points.

  

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&aaligac;

E100

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AA WITH ACUTE

&AAligac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AA WITH ACUTE

&aoligac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AO WITH ACUTE

&AOligac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AO WITH ACUTE

&auligac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AU WITH ACUTE

&AUligac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AU WITH ACUTE

&avligac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AV WITH ACUTE

&AVligac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AV WITH ACUTE

&ehbrac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&Ehbrac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&ooligac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OO WITH ACUTE

&OOligac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OO WITH ACUTE

&ohbrac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&Ohbrac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&osthbrac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&Osthbrac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND ACUTE

&vac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH ACUTE

&Vac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH ACUTE

B. Characters with a double acute

The double acute is used in Hungarian over the vowels "o" and "u". In Medieval Nordic manuscripts, especially late Icelandic ones, the double acute accent is sometimes used to denote length and are found over all vowels, consonants (semivowels) such as "j", "v" and "w", and some of the ligatures.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining double acute accent (030B).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes double acute over the small and capital "o" and "u". For Medieval Nordic manuscripts one might add small and capital "a", "e", "i", "j", "y", "v", "w", "ø", the "e" and "o" with ogonek, and the ligatures "aa", "ae", "ao", "av", "oo" and "vy". This will require 33 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&adac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Adac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&aaligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AA WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&AAligdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AA WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&aeligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&AEligdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&aelighbrdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&AElighbrdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&aoligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AO WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&AOligdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AO WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&avligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AV WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&AVligdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AV WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&edac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Edac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&ehbrdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&Ehbrdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&idac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Idac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&jdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Jdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&ohbrdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&Ohbrdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&ooligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OO WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&OOligdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OO WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&ostdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&Ostdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND DOUBLE ACUTE

&vdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Vdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&wdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Wdac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&vyligdac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE VY WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&ydac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

&Ydac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

C. Characters with a single dot above

Dots above are used for some Old English characters such as "c" and "g", and in general as a length mark in Medieval Nordic manuscripts, above consonants (geminates) as well as above vowels. In Old Norse standard orthography dots above are not used, but they are found in diplomatic editions.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining dot above (0307).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes approx. 40 characters with a dot above in three ranges, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B and Latin Extended Additional, intended for use in several languages, mostly Irish Gaelic (old orthography), and - added in 3.2 - also for Livonian. The precomposed characters are small and capital forms of "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "m", "n", "o", "p", "r", "s", "t", "w", "x", "y", "z", and tall "s" (no capital version). The characters "i" and "j" already have dots, but there is a precomposed capital "I" with a dot, though not a capital "J" with dot. The characters small and capital "k", "l", "q", "u", and "v" with dots above are not included, nor are "e" with hook below or Insular "v". Adding dots to these characters (except for "q" which can not be doubled) and some of the frequent ligatures in Old Norse ("aa", "ae", "ao", "av", "au", "ay", and "oo"), as well as some of the small capitals, "G", "N", "R", "S" and "T" (cf. subrange 3) will require 31 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&aaligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AA WITH DOT ABOVE

&AAligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AA WITH DOT ABOVE

&aeligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH DOT ABOVE

&AEligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH DOT ABOVE

&aoligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AO WITH DOT ABOVE

&AOligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AO WITH DOT ABOVE

&auligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AU WITH DOT ABOVE

&AUligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AU WITH DOT ABOVE

&avligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AV WITH DOT ABOVE

&AVligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AV WITH DOT ABOVE

&ayligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AY WITH DOT ABOVE

&AYligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AY WITH DOT ABOVE

&ehbrda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT ABOVE

&Ehbrda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT ABOVE

&gscapda;

0000

LATIN SMALL CAPITAL G WITH DOT ABOVE

&kda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DOT ABOVE

&Kda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DOT ABOVE

&lda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT ABOVE

&Lda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT ABOVE

&nscapda;

0000

LATIN SMALL CAPITAL N WITH DOT ABOVE

&ooligda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OO WITH DOT ABOVE

&OOligda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OO WITH DOT ABOVE

&rscapda;

0000

LATIN SMALL CAPITAL R WITH DOT ABOVE

&sscapda;

0000

LATIN SMALL CAPITAL S WITH DOT ABOVE

&tscapda;

0000

LATIN SMALL CAPITAL T WITH DOT ABOVE

&uda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT ABOVE

&Uda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT ABOVE

&vda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOT ABOVE

&Vda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOT ABOVE

&vinsda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR V WITH DOT ABOVE

&Vinsda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR V WITH DOT ABOVE

D. Characters with a single dot below

A special category of signs are characters with a dot below, typically indicating an uncertain reading. As such they do not appear in the manuscripts themselves, but they are quite frequent in diplomatic editions of Medieval Nordic texts. They are also frequently encountered in epigraphical contexts, e.g. in Runic inscriptions (namely in the transliteration of runes into the Latin alphabet).
Decomposed: Any character + the combining dot below (0323).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes no less than 38 characters with a dot below, basically the whole alphabet, "a-z" in the Latin Extended Additional range, though not small and capital forms of "c", "f", "g", "j", "p", "q", and "x", nor frequent Medieval characters such as "ð" and "þ", nor commonly used ligatures in Old Norse, such as "aa", "ao", "au", "av" and "oo". Adding dots to these characters and some of the frequent ligatures in Old Norse will require 36 code points.

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&aaligdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AA WITH DOT BELOW

&AAligdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AA WITH DOT BELOW

&aoligdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AO WITH DOT BELOW

&AOligdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AO WITH DOT BELOW

&auligdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AU WITH DOT BELOW

&AUligdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AU WITH DOT BELOW

&avligdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AV WITH DOT BELOW

&AVligdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AV WITH DOT BELOW

&cdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT BELOW

&Cdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH DOT BELOW

&dhdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH WITH DOT BELOW

&DHdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH WITH DOT BELOW

&ehbrdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT BELOW

&Ehbrdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT BELOW

&fdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT BELOW

&Fdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT BELOW

&finsdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR F WITH DOT BELOW

&Finsdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR F WITH DOT BELOW

&gdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT BELOW

&Gdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT BELOW

&jdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH DOT BELOW

&Jdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH DOT BELOW

&ohbrdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT BELOW

&Ohbrdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOT BELOW

&ooligdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OO WITH DOT BELOW

&OOligdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OO WITH DOT BELOW

&pdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT BELOW

&Pdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT BELOW

&qdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH DOT BELOW

&Qdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q WITH DOT BELOW

&thdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH DOT BELOW

&THdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH DOT BELOW

&vinsdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR V WITH DOT BELOW

&Vinsdb;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR V WITH DOT BELOW

&rrotdb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA WITH DOT BELOW

&stalldb;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER TALL S WITH DOT BELOW

 

E. Characters with a double dot above

Double dots above, diaeresis, are widely used over vowels, as in modern German and Swedish. In Medieval Nordic manuscripts, especially late Icelandic ones, diaeresis is found over vowels and ligatures, as well as "v" and "w".
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining diaeresis (0308).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes double dot (diaeresis) over the small and capital "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "y" in the ranges Latin-1 Supplement (all of these except capital "y") and Latin Extended-A (capital "y"), as well as small and capital "h", "w", "x" and "t" (the latter only small) in the range Latin Extended Additional. For Medieval Nordic one might add small and capital forms of the ligatures "aa", "ae", "ay", "oo", "vy" (only small form), as well as the characters "j" and "v". This will require 15 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&aaligdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AA WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&AAligdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AA WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&aeligdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&AEligdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&aelighbrdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&AElighbrdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH HOOK BELOW RIGHT AND DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&ayligdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AY WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&AYligdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AY WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&jdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&Jdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&ooligdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OO WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&OOligdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OO WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&vdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&Vdda;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

&vyligdda;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE VY WITH DOUBLE DOT ABOVE

F. Characters with a macron and an acute

A combination of a macron and an acute is used over the vowels "a", "æ", "e", "i", "o", "u", and "y" in metrical analysis of Old English and other languages, primarily the small letter forms, but capital letter forms should probably be included as well. Cf. subrange 11 below.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining macron (0304) + the combining acute accent (0301).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes macron and acute over small and capital "e" and "o" in the range Latin Extended Additional (1E16, 1E17, 1E52, 1E53). Adding small and capital letter forms of "a", "æ", "i", "u", and "y" will require 10 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&amcac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&Amcac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&aeligmcac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&AEligmcac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&imcac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&Imcac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&umcac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&umcac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&ymcac;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

&Ymcac;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH MACRON AND ACUTE

G. Characters with a macron and a breve

A combination of a macron and a breve is used over the vowels "a", "æ", "e", "i", "o", "u", and "y" in metrical analysis of Old English and other languages, primarily the small letter forms, but capital letter forms should probably be included as well. Cf. subrange 11 below.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining macron (0304) + the combining breve (0306).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 has no precomposed characters with both macron and breve. Adding small and capital letter forms of "a", "æ", "e", "i", "o", "u", and "y" will require 14 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&amcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Amcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&aeligmcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&AEligmcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&emcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Emcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&imcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Imcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&omcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Omcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&umcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Umcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&ymcbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH MACRON AND BREVE

&Ymcbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH MACRON AND BREVE

H. Characters with a hook

A few vowels, especially "o" and "e", may have a hook in Old Norse manuscripts. The latter combination, "e caudata", is common in Latin manuscripts, in which the letter form alternates with the ligature "æ". This hook, also called ogonek, is placed below the base character and faces to the right. In connection with the vowel "o", there are examples in Old Norse manuscripts of the hook being placed below or above the base character, facing either to the right or to the left. In addition, the characters "a", "e", "i", "j" and "y" may appear with a hook, which is placed above the character, facing to the left.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining ogonek (0328). The ogonek faces to the right below; in Unicode 3.2 there are no combining hooks facing to the left below, nor facing to the right above or facing to the left above. Adding these combining hooks would require 3 extra code points, and should probably be done in subrange 8 below, together with other combining marks.
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes small and capital forms of "a ogonek" and "e ogonek" in the range Latin Extended-A (0104, 0105, 0118, 0119), and "o ogonek" in the range Latin Extended-B (01EA, 01EB), also small and capital form of "u" with a hook above in the range Latin Extended Additional (1EE7 and 1EE6).

Adding hooks above to the characters "a", "e", "i", "j" and "y", as well as extra hooks above and below to "o", will require 16 code points.

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&ahal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Ahal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&ehal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Ehal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&ihal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Ihal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&jhal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Jhal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&ohal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Ohal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&ohar;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE RIGHT

&Ohar;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE RIGHT

&ohbl;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW LEFT

&Ohbl;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK BELOW LEFT

&yhal;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

&Yhal;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE LEFT

I. Characters with a loop

In Old Norse manuscripts, the vowel "o" may have a loop. The loop should probably be interpreted as a reduced form of the character "e" or "a", but the resulting character should be distinguished from the ligatures "oe" and "ao". The loop may be placed to the right, in a high position, or to the left, in a high or a low position, making a total of three positions.
Decomposed: There is no combining loop in Unicode 3.2. Since the loop only appears in connection with the vowel "o" it is probably best to make this into a separate character.
Precomposed: There are no precomposed characters with loops in Unicode 3.2. Adding the three types of loops to small and capital forms of "o" will require 6 code points.

 

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&oull;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH UPPER LEFT LOOP

&Oull;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH UPPER LEFT LOOP

&olll;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LOWER LEFT LOOP

&Olll;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH LOWER LEFT LOOP

&ourl;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH UPPER RIGHT LOOP

&Ourl;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH UPPER RIGHT LOOP

J. Miscellaneous

This group includes the vowels "æ" and "y" with a breve, used in e.g. metrical analysis of Old English and other languages.
Decomposed: Any base character + the combining breve (0306).
Precomposed: Unicode 3.2 includes the breve over small and capital "a", "e", "i", "o", and "u" (as used in e.g. Latin metrics), and also over the consonant "g", all in the range Latin Extended-A. Adding breve over "æ" and "y" will require 4 code points.

Glyph

Entity

Unicode

Descriptive name

&aeligbr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE AE WITH BREVE

&AEligbr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE AE WITH BREVE

&ybr;

0000

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH BREVE

&Ybr;

0000

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH BREVE

Version 1.0, 15 June 2002 OEH